Unmanned underwater vehicles
CAS benthic landers (BL)s are a series of very little known unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV)s developed by Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in the People's Republic of China (PRC). As of the early 2020s, a total of five have been identified.[1][2][3]
Canghai
In addition to the usual research tasks, Canghai (沧海, meaning Sea) BL is designed to incorporate photography and filming capability,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] but more importantly, it is designed to transmit the image/data/video footage back to the mothership or shore-based command center (via satellite) in real time,[4][5][6][7] with the rate of data transmission via fiber-optic cable is faster than 5G, reaching 15G/second.[4] To better perform filming and photography missions, Canghai BL is designed with a special feature in that it incorporates an unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) Lingyun (凌云, meaning Reaching the Cloud) inside, and when filming, Lingyun UUV would be released from Canghai to work in conjunction with the latter to achieve better result.[4][5][7][8] The cameras, lights, and fiber-optic network of Canghai and Lingyu are produced by CAS Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics (中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所).[6]
Fenghuang
One of the shortcomings of benthic landers is that due to the tremendous high pressure at the depth, samples collected by BLs would lose their original characteristics and properties once brought to the surface.[11] Fenghuang (凤凰, meaning phoenix) BL is designed to carry out some scientific experiments directly at the depth or on the seafloor, where the samples are collected, without having them being brought up to the surface,[11][12][13][14][15] so that their original characteristics and properties would not be lost due to the drastic change of depth and associated pressure, resulting in these experiments yielding more accurate results. The general designer of Fenghuang is Mr. Li Jun (李俊), and Fenghuang entered service in 2018 after half a decade of development.[11][13][14]
Haijiao
Haijiao (海角, meaning Cape) BL is jointly developed by Shenyang Institute of Automation (SIA) of CAS and Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering (IDSSE) of CAS.[16] Originally designated as Deep Trench 01 (深渊 01), it was subsequently renamed as Cape.[citation needed] In addition to other usual research tasks, Haijiao is tailored to hunt and collect animals on seabed.[16][17][18][19] Originally designed to operate at a depth of 3,000 meter, it was subsequently upgraded to operate to a depth of 7,000 meter.[16] Specification:[16]
- Weight: 0.831 ton
- Diving speed: 30 meter per minute
- Surfacing speed: 40 meter per minute
- Maximum operating depth: 7,000 meter
- Endurance: 30 days
Tianya
Tianya (天涯, meaning Edge of the Heaven) BL is also jointly developed by SIA of CAS and IDSSE of CAS.[16] Originally designated as Deep Trench 02 (深渊 02), it was subsequently renamed as Edge of the Heaven.[citation needed] Originally designed to operate to a depth of 7,000 meters,[16][11][13][14] the design was so successful that it was decided to expand the depth all the way out to 10,000 meter after completing its very first 7,000 meter dive out at sea in June 2016, and after three more attempts on the same trials for 7,000 meter dive that eventually surpassed 8,000 meters, Tianya finally succeeded in diving to 10,000 meters, and it has since been repeatedly deployed to that depth since.[11][13][14][20] In addition to other usual research tasks, Tianya is tailored to collect geological samples from the sea bed.[16][12][13][14][17][18][19] Specification:[16]
- Weight: 1.053 ton
- Payload: 60 kg
- Diving speed: 30 meter per minute
- Surfacing speed: 40 meter per minute
- Maximum operating depth: 10,000 meter
- Endurance: 30 days
Wanquan
Waquan (万泉, meaning Ten Thousand Springs) BL also capable of operating to a depth equal to that of Tianya, and in addition to usual research tasks, it is also mainly designed to carry various scientific equipment to that depth, and test them out to validate their designs.[11][13] Wanquan BL is also tasked to perform seismological surveys on sea floor.[11][12][13][14][17][18][19] Wanquan BL has successfully test out solid state lithium battery indigenously developed by China to a depth of more than 10,000 meters, making China the second country in the world (after Japan) able to produce solid state lithium battery that can withstand pressure of 100 megapascal.[21] The pressure hull of Wanquan BL is constructed of ceramic material, the first of its kind in China.[20] Specification:[11][13][14]
- Maximum operating depth: 10,000 meter
References
- ^ "Tianya and Haijiao" (in Simplified Chinese). March 9, 2017.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Tianya & Wanquan" (in Simplified Chinese). March 5, 2022.
- ^ Liu Xin (December 31, 2019). Cultivation of Scientific Interests - Pioneers of Robotic Naval Battles (in Simplified Chinese). Beijing: Beijing Book Co. Inc. ISBN 9787999173649.
- ^ a b c d "Canghai BL" (in Simplified Chinese). November 14, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Canghai benthic lander" (in Simplified Chinese). November 20, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Chinese academy of science Canghai benthic lander" (in Simplified Chinese). November 29, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Chinese academy of science Canghai BL" (in Simplified Chinese). November 30, 2020.
- ^ a b "CAS Canghai BL" (in Simplified Chinese). September 8, 2021.
- ^ "CAS Canghai benthic lander" (in Simplified Chinese). November 28, 2020.
- ^ "Canghai" (in Simplified Chinese). November 14, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Tianyan, Wanquan and Fenghuang" (in Simplified Chinese). May 20, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Tianyan, Wanquan & Fenghuang" (in Simplified Chinese). March 9, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Tianyan, Wanquan and Fenghuang benthic lander" (in Simplified Chinese). May 9, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Tianyan, Wanquan and Fenghuang BLs" (in Simplified Chinese). May 25, 2020.
- ^ "Fenghuang BL" (in Simplified Chinese). July 5, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Haijiao and Tianya benthic landers" (in Simplified Chinese). August 24, 2016.
- ^ a b c "Haijiao, Tianya and Wanquan". Sohu (in Simplified Chinese). October 4, 2018.
- ^ a b c "Haijiao, Tianya & Wanquan" (in Simplified Chinese). April 9, 2018.
- ^ a b c "Haijiao, Tianya & Wanquan benthic landers" (in Simplified Chinese). June 7, 2021.
- ^ a b "Tianya and Wanquan" (in Simplified Chinese). November 22, 2021.
- ^ "Wanquan BL tests out solid state lithium battery" (in Simplified Chinese). March 31, 2017.
Underwater diving
- Diving activities
- Diving modes
- Atmospheric pressure diving
- Freediving
- Saturation diving
- Scuba diving
- Snorkeling
- Surface oriented diving
- Surface-supplied diving
- Unmanned diving
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Basic equipment | - Diving mask
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Underwater work | Salvage diving | - SS Egypt
- Kronan
- La Belle
- SS Laurentic
- RMS Lusitania
- Mars
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- USS Monitor
- HMS Royal George
- Vasa
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Diving disorders | Pressure related | Oxygen | |
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Immersion related | |
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Personnel | |
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Screening | |
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Research | Researchers in diving physiology and medicine | |
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Archeological sites | |
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Underwater art and artists | |
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Engineers and inventors | |
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Historical equipment | |
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Military and covert operations | - Raid on Alexandria (1941)
- Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior
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Scientific projects | |
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Awards and events | |
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Incidents | Dive boat incidents | |
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Diver rescues | |
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Early diving | |
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Freediving fatalities | |
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Offshore diving incidents | - Byford Dolphin diving bell accident
- Drill Master diving accident
- Star Canopus diving accident
- Stena Seaspread diving accident
- Venture One diving accident
- Waage Drill II diving accident
- Wildrake diving accident
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Scuba diving fatalities | |
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Manuals | - NOAA Diving Manual
- U.S. Navy Diving Manual
- Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival
- Underwater Handbook
- Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving
- Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving
- The new science of skin and scuba diving
- Professional Diver's Handbook
- Basic Scuba
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Standards and Codes of Practice | |
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General non-fiction | |
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Research | |
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Dive guides | |
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Training and registration |
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Diver training | |
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Recreational scuba certification levels | Core diving skills | |
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Leadership skills | |
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Specialist skills | |
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Diver training certification and registration organisations | Commercial diver certification authorities | |
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Commercial diving schools | |
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Free-diving certification agencies | |
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Scientific diver certification authorities | |
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Technical diver certification agencies | |
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Military diver training courses | |
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Surface snorkeling | |
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Breath-hold | |
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Open Circuit Scuba | |
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Rebreather | |
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Sports governing organisations and federations | |
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Pioneers of diving | |
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Underwater scientists archaeologists and environmentalists | |
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Scuba record holders | |
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Underwater filmmakers and presenters | |
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Underwater photographers | |
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Underwater explorers | |
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Aquanauts | |
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Writers and journalists | |
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Frogmen | |
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Diving physiology | |
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Other |
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Deep-submergence vehicle | - Aluminaut
- DSV Alvin
- American submarine NR-1
- Bathyscaphe
- Archimède
- FNRS-2
- FNRS-3
- Harmony class bathyscaphe
- Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe
- Trieste II
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- Ictineu 3
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- Jiaolong
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- Limiting Factor
- Russian submarine Losharik
- Mir
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- Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle
- DSV Sea Cliff
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- DSV Shinkai 2000
- DSV Shinkai 6500
- DSV Turtle
- DSV-5 Nemo
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Submarine rescue | Deep-submergence rescue vehicle | |
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Submarine escape | |
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Special interest groups | |
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Neutral buoyancy facilities for Astronaut training | |
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Other | |
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Nuclear ballistic missile (SSBN) | |
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Nuclear attack (SSN) | |
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Conventional ballistic missile (SSB) | |
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Conventional attack (SS/SSK) | |
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Unclassified miscellaneous (IXSS) | |
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Ammunition ships (AE/AEM) | |
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Buoy tenders (AGL) | |
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Cable layers (ARC) | |
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Cargo ships (AK) | Reefer ships (AF) | |
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Cargo ships (AK) | |
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Float-on/float- off ships (AKF) | |
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General stores issue ships (AKS) | |
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Roll-on/roll- off ships (AKR) | |
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Container ships (AKX) | - Converted/militarized container ships
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Self-propelled lighters/barges (YF) | |
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Crane ship (AB) | |
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Degaussing / deperming ships (ADG) | |
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Dive tenders (YDT) | |
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Dredgers (AGD) | |
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Engineering ships | - Engineering ships of unknown class/type: Bei-Gong 275 & 276
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Environmental research ships (AGER) | |
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Fleet Replenishment ship (AEFS) | |
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Floating pile drivers (YPD) | |
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General purpose research ships (AGE) | |
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Harbor utility craft (YFU) | |
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Hospital ships (AH) | Hospital ships (AH) | |
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Medical evacuation ships (AHP) | |
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Ambulance transports (APH) | |
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Ambulance craftd (YH) | |
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Hydrographic survey ships (AGS) | |
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Icebreakers (AGB) | |
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Museum ships | |
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Oceanographic research ships (AGOR) | |
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Oceanographic surveillance ships (AGOS) | |
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Personnel transport (AP) | |
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Range support & target ships (AGT) | |
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Repair ships (AR) | |
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Rescue and salvage ships | |
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Spy ships (AGI) | |
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Submarine support ships | |
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Submersibles (X) | Deep-submergence rescue vehicle (DSRV) | |
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Deep-submergence vehicle (DSV) | |
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Other Submersibles (X) | |
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Diver propulsion vehicles (DPV) | |
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Tankers | |
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Technological research ships | Sonar trials ships | |
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Technical research ships (AGTR) | |
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Unclassified Miscellaneous Submarine (IXSS) | |
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Torpedo trials craft | Torpedo retrievers (TR/TWR) | |
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Torpedo trials ships (YTT) | |
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Tracking ship (AGM) | |
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Training ships (AX) | Training ship (AX) | |
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Training ship, sail (AXS) | |
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Onshore stationary training facilities | |
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Tugs (AT) | Harbor tug (YT) | |
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Large harbor tug (YTB) | |
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Rescue Tug (ATR) | |
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Sea-going Tug (ATA) | |
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Tugs of unknown class/type | - Bei-Tuo 153, 651, 704, 728, Dong-Tuo 845, 861, Nan-Tuo 142, 163, 168, 176, 187, 188
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UAV mothershps (ATLS) | |
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Unmanned surface vehicles (USV) | |
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Unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV) | |
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Wave gliders | - CSSC series
- Hydrovo series
- Ostar series
- THLMT Black Pearl
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Weapon trials ships (AVM/AGM) | |
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* = Under construction or procurement, CG= Classified as guided missile cruiser by NATO, FF= Classified as light frigate by PLAN |