Epiktetos
Epiktetos was an Attic vase painter in the early red-figure style. Besides Oltos, he was the most important painter of the Pioneer Group. He was active between 520 BC and 490 BC. His name translates as "newly acquired", which is most probably a reference to his slave status.[1]
Career
At the beginning of his career, Epiktetos painted a chalice krater made by the potter Andokides, but later he turned to smaller vessels, such as cups and plates. Throughout his long career, he worked for a variety of potters, including Andokides, Hischylos and the Nikosthenes-Pamphaios workshop. Since he signed one plate as painter and potter, he may have carried out both functions at least for some of the time. That plate was a votive offering, dedicated on the Athenian Acropolis. On one kylix, he collaborated with the Euergides Painter. He appears to have been aware of his talent, as he signed more than half of the works ascribed to him.
His first vases were bilingual eye-cups. The eight bilingual cups were painted using two techniques: the black-figure technique on the interior, largely focusing on animal designs in circular formations, and the red-figure painting technique on the exterior, showcasing designs of palmettes, eyes, and occasionally figures.[2] Already at this stage, he was technically superior to the early works of Oltos, and omitted out-of-date features such as palmette-hearts. He also used the relief-line technique. Epiktetos was considered a master of the tondo (circular image inside a cup). Often his vases were only painted on the inside. His miniature drawings were delicate and precise. His use of colour and ornament was careful and controlled. His lines and details were very balanced, with heads and limbs well-proportioned. His use of perspective on figures was very convincing. John Beazley praised Epiktetos: "it is not possible to draw better, only to draw differently". John Boardman also lauded him as the "greatest draughtsman in early red-figure vase painting".[3]
- Komast with a skyphos, a staff and pipes case, tondo from a red-figure plate by Epiktetos, ca. 520s BCE–500s BCE, from Vulci, Cabinet des Médailles (n.510).
- Details of a head in the scene above
- Scythian archer, running while looking backwards and pulling an arrow from his quiver, cup, circa 520–500 BC. British Museum
He preferred scenes of daily life and revelry to mythological scenes. He rarely depicted mythological scenes, which usually lacked originality. In contrast, his everyday scenes demonstrated his skills and his innovative ideas. He showed Athenian citizens at play, at the symposion and in erotic scenes, where he develops new aspects and motifs. He played an important role in the development of the satyr as a figure expressing beast like masculinity. His tondi ceased to depict the kneeling runner characteristic of black-figure vase painting; instead his figures squat, kneel or were seated. In some cases, the postures of figures depicted on his vases were nearly identical, even if their actions varied greatly. For example, a bent and twisted figure was in one case the Minotaur, in another a man masturbating into a pot and, in a third, a girl pleasuring herself with a dildo.
The end of his career remains unclear. One of his last works was on a cup by the potter Python – here he appeared stylistically influenced by Python's main painter, Douris – another on a vase by Pistoxenos. Epiktetos's work must have been greatly appreciated at the time, as indicated by a pelike by the Kleophrades Painter which was twice falsely signed Epiktetos egraphsen (Epiktetos painted it). The signature was a forgery, suggesting that the vessel was considered more marketable if considered to be by Epiktetos.
Bibliography
- John Beazley: Attic red-figure vase-painters, 2nd ed. Oxford 1963, p. 70-79
- John Boardman: Rotfigurige Vasen aus Athen. Die archaische Zeit, von Zabern, 4. Ed., Mainz 1994 (Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt, Vol 4), esp. S. 64-66, ISBN 3-8053-0234-7
References
External links
- The Getty Museum - Biography of Epiktetos
- Dimitris Paleothodoros, Epictetos, Peeters, coll. d'Études classiques, Vol. 18, Louvain, 2004.
- v
- t
- e
- Dipylon Master
- Analatos Painter
- Honolulu Painter
- Mesogeia Painter
- Polyphemos Painter
- Painter of Acropolis 606
- Affecter
- Amasis Painter
- Anagyrus Painter
- Anakles
- Arkesilas Painter
- Athena Painter
- Antimenes Painter
- Beldam Painter
- Bellerophon Painter
- Painter of Berlin A 34
- Painter of Berlin 1686
- BMN Painter
- Burgon Group
- C Painter
- Castellani Painter
- Cerameicus Painter
- Chimera Painter
- Class of Cabinet des Médailles 218
- Columbus Painter
- Daybreak Painter
- Diosphos Painter
- Dodwell Painter
- Duel Painter
- Edinburgh Painter
- Elbows Out
- Euphiletos Painter
- Gela Painter
- Goltyr Painter
- Gorgon Painter
- Haimon Painter
- Heidelberg Painter
- Horse-bird Painter
- Hypobibazon Class
- Kabiria Group
- Kassandra Painter
- Kleitias
- Lion Painter
- Lydos
- Lysippides Painter
- Madrid Painter
- Mastos Painter
- Painter of Munich 1410
- N Painter
- Naucratis Painter
- Nearchos
- Nessos Painter
- Painter of Nicosia Olpe
- Nikoxenos Painter
- Northampton Group
- Oxford Palmette Class
- Painter of Palermo 489
- Panther Painter
- Perizoma Group
- Pholoe Painter
- Phrynos Painter
- Piraeus Painter
- Polos Painter
- Pontic Group
- Priam Painter
- Princeton Painter
- Psiax
- Ptoon Painter
- Rider Painter
- Rycroft Painter
- Sappho Painter
- Sophilos
- Swing Painter
- Taleides Painter
- Theseus Painter
- Three Line Group
- Tityos Painter
- Tydeus Painter
- Xenokles Painter
Comast Group | |
---|---|
Group E | |
Gorgoneion Group | |
Leagros Group | |
Little Masters |
- Achilles Painter
- Aison
- Altamura Painter
- Amykos Painter
- Andokides painter
- Antiphon Painter
- Apollodoros
- Aristophanes
- Asteas
- Baltimore Painter
- Berlin Painter
- Painter of the Berlin Dancing Girl
- Brygos Painter
- Bryn Mawr Painter
- Chrysis Painter
- Codrus Painter
- Darius Painter
- Dinos Painter
- Dokimasia Painter
- Douris
- Eretria Painter
- Eucharides Painter
- Foundry Painter
- Harrow Painter
- Hasselmann Painter
- Hermonax
- Ilioupersis Painter
- Jena Painter
- Kerch style
- Kleophon Painter
- Kleophrades Painter
- Makron
- Marsyas Painter
- Meidias Painter
- Meleager Painter
- Niobid Painter
- Onesimos
- Oreithyia Painter
- Pamphaios
- Penthesilea Painter
- Persephone Painter
- Phiale Painter
- Pisticci Painter
- Pistoxenos Painter
- Polygnotos
- Providence Painter
- Reed Painter
- Shuvalov Painter
- Siren Painter
- Sisyphus Painter
- Skythes
- Snub-nose Painter
- Tarporley Painter
- Tarquinia Painter
- Tithonos Painter
- Triptolemos Painter
- Underworld Painter
- Varrese Painter
- Painter of the Vatican Mourner
- Villa Giulia Painter
- Wedding Painter
- YZ Group
Pioneer Group |
|
---|---|
Mannerists |