Kyuichi Tokuda
- View a machine-translated version of the Japanese article.
- Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
- Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
- You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at [[:ja:徳田球一]]; see its history for attribution.
- You may also add the template
{{Translated|ja|徳田球一}}
to the talk page. - For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Kyuichi Tokuda | |
---|---|
Tokuda c. 1952 | |
General Secretary of the Japanese Communist Party | |
In office 3 December 1945 – 14 October 1953 | |
Preceded by | Toshihiko Sakai |
Succeeded by | Sanzo Nosaka |
Member of the House of Representatives for Tokyo 3rd district | |
In office 4 April 1946 – 6 June 1950 | |
Personal details | |
Born | (1894-09-12)12 September 1894 Nago, Okinawa Prefecture, Empire of Japan |
Died | 14 October 1953(1953-10-14) (aged 59) Beijing, China |
Political party | Japanese Communist Party |
Alma mater | Nihon University |
Occupation | Lawyer |
Kyuichi Tokuda (徳田 球一, Tokuda Kyūichi, September 12, 1894 – October 14, 1953)[1] was a Japanese politician and first chairman of the Japanese Communist Party from 1945 until his death in 1953.
Biography
Kyuichi Tokuda was born in 1894 in Okinawa and became a lawyer following graduation from Nihon University in 1920.[1] He joined the Japanese Communist Party in 1922 and became a member of its Central Committee.[2]
In 1922 Tokuda participated in the formation of the outlawed Japanese Communist Party. He would go on to visit the Soviet Union in both 1925 and 1927; and ran for the Labour-Farmer Party in the first regular election in 1928 (Fukuoka's 3rd district) but ended up being unsuccessful. In March 1928 he was arrested under the suspicion of violating the Peace Preservation Law, and would go on to spend 18 years in prison. From 1934 to 1940, he was imprisoned at Abashiri Prison.[3][4] Tokuda was discovered and released from prison on October 10, 1945, by French Journalist Robert Guillain who at the time had visited the Fuchu Prison.[1][2] While in prison, he occupied a cell adjacent to fellow Communist leader Yoshio Shiga.[5] Upon his release, he was reportedly hoisted to the shoulders of a crowd of Communists and Koreans chanting anti-imperial messages.[6]
After World War II, he was elected to the House of Representatives in the general election of 1946 along with his cousin, Senzo Nosaka, who had returned from the Republic of China. In the same year he married his cousin Kosaku's widow, Tatsu Tokuda (formerly known as Kanehara). Tokuda was involved in the 1947 general strike and in 1948, he survived an assassination attempt by a dynamite-laden soda bottle thrown at his feet while he was giving a speech.[7] By 1950, he was considered the second-in-command of the JCP and a key supporter of party leader Sanzo Nosaka; in the same year his party split internally following criticism by the Comiform.[5] Along with other JCP leaders, he was purged from public office and politics under the Allied occupation. In October of the same year he defected to the PRC from the port of Osaka and organized the Peking Organization. Tokuda would continue to make decisions on the party's general policy from his exile.[1] During his last years in China, he led a "mainstream" faction of the JCP and organized violent operations in Japan through the underground "Free Japan Radio".[8] He died in Beijing and his death was not made public until 1955. A memorial service for Tokuda was held in Beijing on September 13 of the same year, which was attended by 30,000 people.
In the opening session of the 20th Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, on 14 February 1956, Nikita Khrushchev asked delegates to rise in honour of the Communist leaders who had died since the last congress - and named Kyuichi Tokuda, whose name was nearly unknown in the Soviet Union, on equal terms with the recently deceased Joseph Stalin. That was a clear and deliberate insult to Stalin, and it served as a preliminary to Khrushchev's speech later in the same conference in which he strongly denounced Stalin's "Cult of Personality".[9]
Works
- Eighteen Years in Prison (Gokuchu juhachi-nen) by Kyuichi Tokuda and Yoshio Shiga. Published by the Japanese Communist Party in 1948.
- Appeal to the People
See also
References
- ^ a b c d "Tokuda, Kyuichi". www.ndl.go.jp. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
- ^ a b Milorad M. Drachkovitch (December 1, 1986). Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern. Hoover Institution Press. pp. 472–473.
- ^ Mitchell, Richard H. (1992). Janus-Faced Justice: Political Criminals in Imperial Japan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 93. ISBN 9780824814106. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
- ^ Ishikawa, Machiko. "Writing the Sense of Loss in the Inner Self: A Narrative of Nakagami Kenji and Nagayama Norioin Late 1960s Tokyo" (PDF). Australian National University. p. 5. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
- ^ a b "JAPAN: Red Schism". Time. 1950-05-08. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
- ^ ""Remove Hirohito" Is Cry Of Freed Jap Communists". Toronto Daily Star. 1945-10-10. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
- ^ "Pressure From Left Increases in Japan". The Lewiston Daily Sun. 1948-07-20. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
- ^ Masaki, Nobuaki (2016-04-07). "Red-Baiting in 2016 – SNA Japan". shingetsunewsagency.com. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
- ^ Tompson, William J. (1995). Khrushchev: A Political Life. St. Martin's Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-312-12365-9.
External links
- Kyuichi Tokuda at Find a Grave
- Fuchu Prison Exterior Shiga Yoshio previous release 球一 Tokuda 球一 addressed Tokuda (in Japanese). Wazee Digital Commerce. 10 October 1945.
- Fuchu Prison inmate Kyuichi Tokuda expresses joy at his release while former inmate Tosaji Obara, finance director of the Japan Holiness Church, says his religious beliefs were suppressed while he was incarcerated (in Japanese). NHK. 7 November 1945.
- Leader of the Japanese Communist Party Kyuichi Tokuda appeals for the ademocratization of Japan (in Japanese). NHK. November 22, 1945.
- v
- t
- e
- Socialist thought in Imperial Japan
- Relations between Japanese revolutionaries, the Comintern and the Soviet Union
- Kantō Massacre
- Peace Preservation Law
- March 15 incident
- April 16th incident
- "Appeal to the People"
- Draft Constitution of the People's Republic of Japan
- Reverse Course
- 1949 Japanese general election
- 1968–1969 Japanese university protests
- Asama-Sansō incident
- Lod Airport massacre
- Laju incident
- 1974 French Embassy attack in The Hague
- 1975 AIA building hostage crisis
- Malaysian Flight 653 hijacking
- Sen Katayama
- Hitoshi Yamakawa
- Kanson Arahata
- Shoichi Ichikawa
- Sanzō Nosaka
- Kyuichi Tokuda
- Kozo Uno
- Masanosuke Watanabe
- Daisuke Nanba
- Hotsumi Ozaki
- Shōjirō Kasuga
- Ineko Sata
- Jun Takami
- Kenji Miyamoto
- Kiyoteru Hanada
- Seiji Yoshida
- Takaaki Yoshimoto
- Kan'ichi Kuroda
- Yoshihiko Amino
- Tetsuzo Fuwa
- Michiko Kanba
- Tsuyoshi Okudaira
- Fusako Shigenobu
- Yū Kikumura
- Haruo Wakō
- Kazuo Shii
- Yoshiki Yamashita
- Tomoko Tamura
- Kohei Saito
- Asia-Wide Campaign-Japan
- Hantenren
- Japan Communist League (Unified Committee)
- Japan Revolutionary Communist League
- Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction)
- Japanese Communist Party
- Japanese Communist Party (Action Faction)
- Japanese Communist Party (Left Faction)
- Kakurōkyō
- Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee
- Workers Communist Party (Japan)
- Zengakuren
- Amami Communist Party
- Communist League (Japan)
- Communist Workers Party
- East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front
- Enlightened People's Communist Party
- Japan Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)
- Japan Socialist Youth League, Liberation Faction
- Japanese People's Emancipation League
- Japanese Red Army
- Left Socialist Party of Japan
- Mountain Village Operation Units
- Unified Socialist League
- United Red Army
- Communism portal
- Japan portal